CAT CANCER TREATMENTS

CAT CANCER TREATMENTS
CAT CANCER TREATMENTS

Sunday, November 17, 2013

Jeremy Hammond's statement to the Court

    Jeremy Hammond was sentenced today Nov 15, 2013 to 10 years, the maximum possible, for what in the end was a series of FBI directed hacking operations .. Below is his pre-sentencing statement to Judge Preska, whose husband was a client of one of the operations, #Stratfor. Special thx to @ioerror for un-redacted statement of FBI directed international operations (linked below).
     
    They used to convict children of WitchCraft when Churches fell down. They didn't understand their problem either.
     
    @dexterdyne #OutAnon
     
    JEREMY HAMMOND SENTENCING STATEMENT | 11/15/2013 (via @sparrowmedia and @ioerror)
     
    Good morning. Thank you for this opportunity. My name is Jeremy Hammond and I’m here to be sentenced for hacking activities carried out during my involvement with Anonymous. I have been locked up at MCC for the past 20 months and have had a lot of time to think about how I would explain my actions
     
    Before I begin, I want to take a moment to recognize the work of the people who have supported me. I want to thank all the lawyers and others who worked on my case: Elizabeth Fink, Susan Kellman, Sarah Kunstler, Emily Kunstler, Margaret Kunstler, and Grainne O’Neill. I also want to thank the National Lawyers Guild, the Jeremy Hammond Defense Committee and Support Network, Free Anons, the Anonymous Solidarity Network, Anarchist Black Cross, and all others who have helped me by writing a letter of support, sending me letters, attending my court dates, and spreading the word about my case. I also want to shout out my brothers and sisters behind bars and those who are still out there fighting the power.
     
    The acts of civil disobedience and direct action that I am being sentenced for today are in line with the principles of community and equality that have guided my life. I hacked into dozens of high profile corporations and government institutions, understanding very clearly that what I was doing was against the law, and that my actions could land me back in federal prison. But I felt that I had an obligation to use my skills to expose and confront injustice-and to bring the truth to light
     
    Could I have achieved the same goals through legal means? I have tried everything from voting petitions to peaceful protest and have found that those in power do not want the truth to be exposed. When we speak truth to power we are ignored at best and brutally suppressed at worst. We are confronting a power structure that does not respect its own system of checks and balances, never mind the rights of it’s own citizens or the international community.
     
    My introduction to politics was when George W. Bush stole the Presidential election in 2000, then took advantage of the waves of racism and patriotism after 9/11 to launch unprovoked imperialist wars against Iraq and Afghanistan. I took to the streets in protest naively believing our voices would be heard in Washington and we could stop the war. Instead, we were labeled as traitors, beaten, and arrested.
     
    I have been arrested for numerous acts of civil disobedience on the streets of Chicago, but it wasn’t until 2005 that I used my computer skills to break the law in political protest. I was arrested by the FBI for hacking into the computer systems of a right-wing, pro-war group called Protest Warrior, an organization that sold racist t-shirts on their website and harassed anti-war groups. I was charged under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, and the 'intended loss' in my case was arbitrarily calculated by multiplying the 5000 credit cards in Protest Warrior’s database by $500, resulting in a total of $2.5 million.
     
    My sentencing guidelines were calculated on the basis of this 'loss,' even though not a single credit card was used or distributed by me or anyone else. I was sentenced to two years in prison.
     
    While in prison I have seen for myself the ugly reality of how the criminal justice system destroys the lives of the millions of people held captive behind bars. The experience solidified my opposition to repressive forms of power and the importance of standing up for what you believe.
     
    When I was released, I was eager to continue my involvement in struggles for social change. I didn’t want to go back to prison, so I focused on above-ground community organizing. But over time, I became frustrated with the limitations, of peaceful protest, seeing it as reformist and ineffective. The Obama administration continued the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, escalated the use of drones, and failed to close Guantanamo Bay.
     
    Around this time, I was following the work of groups like Wikileaks and Anonymous. It was very inspiring to see the ideas of hactivism coming to fruition. I was particularly moved by the heroic actions of Chelsea Manning, who had exposed the atrocities committed by U.S. forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. She took an enormous personal risk to leak this information - believing that the public had a right to know and hoping that her disclosures would be a positive step to end these abuses. It is heart-wrenching to hear about her cruel treatment in military lockup.
     
    I thought long and hard about choosing this path again. I had to ask myself, if Chelsea Manning fell into the abysmal nightmare of prison fighting for the truth, could I in good conscience do any less, if I was able? I thought the best way to demonstrate solidarity was to continue the work of exposing and confronting corruption.
     
    I was drawn to Anonymous because I believe in autonomous, decentralized direct action. At the time Anonymous was involved in operations in support of the Arab Spring uprisings, against censorship, and in defense of Wikileaks. I had a lot to contribute, including technical skills, and how to better articulate ideas and goals. It was an exciting time - the birth of a digital dissent movement, where the definitions and capabilities of hacktivism were being shaped.
     
    I was especially interested in the work of the hackers of LulzSec who were breaking into some significant targets and becoming increasingly political. Around this time, I first started talking to Sabu, who was very open about the hacks he supposedly committed, and was encouraging hackers to unite and attack major government and corporate systems under the banner of Anti Security. But very early in my involvement, the other Lulzsec hackers were arrested, leaving me to break into systems and write press releases. Later, I would learn that Sabu had been the first one arrested, and that the entire time I was talking to him he was an FBI informant.
     
    Anonymous was also involved in the early stages of Occupy Wall Street. I was regularly participating on the streets as part of Occupy Chicago and was very excited to see a worldwide mass movement against the injustices of capitalism and racism. In several short months, the 'Occupations' came to an end, closed by police crackdowns and mass arrests of protestors who were kicked out of their own public parks. The repression of Anonymous and the Occupy Movement set the tone for Antisec in the following months - the majority of our hacks against police targets were in retaliation for the arrests of our comrades.
     
    I targeted law enforcement systems because of the racism and inequality with which the criminal law is enforced. I targeted the manufacturers and distributors of military and police equipment who profit from weaponry used to advance U.S. political and economic interests abroad and to repress people at home. I targeted information security firms because they work in secret to protect government and corporate interests at the expense of individual rights, undermining and discrediting activists, journalists and other truth seekers, and spreading disinformation.
     
    I had never even heard of Stratfor until Sabu brought it to my attention. Sabu was encouraging people to invade systems, and helping to strategize and facilitate attacks. He even provided me with vulnerabilities of targets passed on by other hackers, so it came as a great surprise when I learned that Sabu had been working with the FBI the entire time.
     
    On December 4, 2011, Sabu was approached by another hacker who had already broken into Stratfor’s credit card database. Sabu, under the watchful eye of his government handlers, then brought the hack to Antisec by inviting this hacker to our private chatroom, where he supplied download links to the full credit card database as well as the initial vulnerability access point to Stratfor’s systems.
     
    I spent some time researching Stratfor and reviewing the information we were given, and decided that their activities and client base made them a deserving target. I did find it ironic that Stratfor’s wealthy and powerful customer base had their credit cards used to donate to humanitarian organizations, but my main role in the attack was to retrieve Stratfor’s private email spools which is where all the dirty secrets are typically found.
     
    It took me more than a week to gain further access into Stratfor’s internal systems, but I eventually broke into their mail server. There was so much information, we needed several servers of our own in order to transfer the emails. Sabu, who was involved with the operation at every step, offered a server, which was provided and monitored by the FBI. Over the next weeks, the emails were transferred, the credit cards were used for donations, and Stratfor’s systems were defaced and destroyed. Why the FBI would introduce us to the hacker who found the initial vulnerability and allow this hack to continue remains a mystery.
     
    As a result of the Stratfor hack, some of the dangers of the unregulated private intelligence industry are now known. It has been revealed through Wikileaks and other journalists around the world that Stratfor maintained a worldwide network of informants that they used to engage in intrusive and possibly illegal surveillance activities on behalf of large multinational corporations.
     
    After Stratfor, I continued to break into other targets, using a powerful 'zero day exploit' allowing me administrator access to systems running the popular Plesk webhosting platform. Sabu asked me many times for access to this exploit, which I refused to give him. Without his own independent access, Sabu continued to supply me with lists of vulnerable targets. I broke into numerous websites he supplied, uploaded the stolen email accounts and databases onto Sabu’s FBI server, and handed over passwords and backdoors that enabled Sabu (and, by extension, his FBI handlers) to control these targets.
     
    These intrusions, all of which were suggested by Sabu while cooperating with the FBI, affected thousands of domain names and consisted largely of foreign government websites, including those of (redacted by Judge Pleska) XXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX, XXXX, XXXXXX, XXXXX, XXXXXXXX, XXXXXXX and the XXXXXX XXXXXXX. In one instance, Sabu and I provided access information to hackers who went on to deface and destroy many government websites in XXXXXX. I don’t know how other information I provided to him may have been used, but I think the government’s collection and use of this data needs to be investigated.
     
    ** via @ioerror: the original and unredacted version of the above paragraph: http://pastebin.com/xy8aQY9W
     
    The government celebrates my conviction and imprisonment, hoping that it will close the door on the full story. I took responsibility for my actions, by pleading guilty, but when will the government be made to answer for its crimes?
     
    The U.S. hypes the threat of hackers in order to justify the multi billion dollar cyber security industrial complex, but it is also responsible for the same conduct it aggressively prosecutes and claims to work to prevent. The hypocrisy of 'law and order' and the injustices caused by capitalism cannot be cured by institutional reform but through civil disobedience and direct action. Yes I broke the law, but I believe that sometimes laws must be broken in order to make room for change.
     
    In the immortal word of Frederick Douglas, 'Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. Find out just what any people will quietly submit to and you have found out the exact measure of injustice and wrong which will be imposed upon them, and these will continue till they are resisted with either words or blows, or both. The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they oppress.
     
    This is not to say that I do not have any regrets. I realize that I released the personal information of innocent people who had nothing to do with the operations of the institutions I targeted. I apologize for the release of data that was harmful to individuals and irrelevant to my goals. I believe in the individual right to privacy - from government surveillance, and from actors like myself, and I appreciate the irony of my own involvement in the trampling of these rights. I am committed to working to make this world a better place for all of us. I still believe in the importance of hactivism as a form of civil disobedience, but it is time for me to move on to other ways of seeking change. My time in prison has taken a toll on my family, friends, and community. I know I am needed at home. I recognize that 7 years ago I stood before a different federal judge, facing similar charges, but this does not lessen the sincerity of what I say to you today.
     
    It has taken a lot for me to write this, to explain my actions, knowing that doing so - honestly - could cost me more years of my life in prison. I am aware that I could get as many as 10 years, but I hope that I do not, as I believe there is so much work to be done.
     
    Jeremy Hammond

Friday, November 15, 2013

Helping your cat deal with excess pain

http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/suburbs/lincolnshire_vernon_hills/community/chi-ugc-article-helping-your-cat-deal-with-excess-pain-2-2013-11-12,0,4094041.story
"Could your cat be in pain? Cats are experts when it comes to masking illness, making it difficult as a pet parent to know that something is wrong. You can watch for subtle signs and changes in behavior that suggest your cat may be in pain.

Just like with people, chronic pain can affect your pet’s quality of life. In order to make life more comfortable and healthy for your cat, learn the signs, causes and how to work with your pet to get to the root of your cat’s pain and start a pain management program.
Warning signs
Cats in the wild hide their pain to protect themselves from predators. Your indoor cat’s wildest moment may be the feline race through the house when you’re trying to sleep, but he is really not all that far removed from his wild counterparts. Here are some signs to look for that may indicate your cat is in pain.

  • Acting quiet and withdrawn or hiding frequently
  • Acting out – hissing, biting or running – when certain parts of the body are touched
  • Agitation
  • Altered movement or gait
  • Changes in personality, particularly aggression
  • Lethargy
  • Loss of appetite
  • Rapid breathing or excessive panting
  • Weight loss
  • Unkempt coat

Potential causes
There’s a variety of causes that could be triggering pain for your cat. Some of the more common sources are as follows:

  • Arthritis
  • Dental disease or oral infection
  • Disease of the back or spine
  • GI issues
  • Eye, ear or skin infections
  • Ingesting poisons
  • Cancer
  • Trauma or injury
  • Bladder or kidney stones
  • Pancreatitis
  • Urinary tract infection

As you can see, many signs that your cat is dealing with pain are subtle but most of the causes are complex. It pays to watch closely and monitor any changes in behavior. Reach out to your veterinarian to help you get to the root of the problem and start a course of action. Pay particular attention to senior pets since there are many aches and pains connected to aging that can be managed.
Pain management
Once you find out the cause of your cat's pain, your veterinarian can work on a course of treatment. If it’s a health related issue, you may need to treat both the illness or injury and work on treating the pain.
If your cat is facing surgery, many veterinarians will set up medication options prior to surgery that should decrease your cat’s pain and increase the effectiveness of anesthesia. Work with your vet if your cat is extremely stressed by vet visits to ease that stress – excess stress can also trigger excess pain for your cat."

Monday, November 11, 2013

Chemotherapy plus synthetic compound provides potent anti-tumor effect in pancreatic cancers

Chemotherapy plus synthetic compound provides potent anti-tumor effect in pancreatic cancers http://phys.org/news188575077.html
"March 23, 2010 - Human pancreatic cancer cells dramatically regress when treated with chemotherapy in combination with a synthetic compound that mimics the action of a naturally occurring "death-promoting" protein found in cells, researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have found.

The research, conducted in mice, appears in today's issue of Cancer Research and could lead to more effective therapies for pancreatic and possibly other cancers, the researchers said.
"This compound enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapy and improved survival in multiple animal models of pancreatic cancer," said Dr. Rolf Brekken, associate professor of surgery and pharmacology and the study's senior author. "We now have multiple lines of evidence in animals showing that this combination is having a potent effect on pancreatic cancer, which is a devastating disease."
In this study, Dr. Brekken and his team transplanted human pancreatic tumors into mice, then allowed the tumors to grow to a significant size. They then administered a synthetic compound called JP1201 in combination with gemcitabine, a chemotherapeutic drug that is considered the standard of care for patients with pancreatic cancer. They found that the drug combination caused regression of the tumors.
"There was a 50 percent regression in tumor size during a two-week treatment of the mice," Dr. Brekken said. "We also looked at survival groups of the animals, which is often depressing in human therapeutic studies for pancreatic cancer because virtually nothing works. We found not only significant decrease in tumor size, but meaningful prolongation of life with the drug combination."
The drug combination was also effective in an aggressive model of spontaneous pancreatic cancer in mice.
The compound JP1201 was created in 2004 by UT Southwestern researchers to mimic the action of a protein called Smac. The researchers discovered Smac in 2000 and found that this protein plays a key role in the normal self-destruction process present in every cell.
Cell death, or apoptosis, is activated when a cell needs to be terminated, such as when a cell is defective or is no longer needed for normal growth and development. In cancer cells, this self-destruct mechanism is faulty and lead to breaks in the cell-death cascade of events. The synthetic Smac, or Smac mimetic, developed at UT Southwestern inhibits these breaks, allowing the cell to die.
"In essence, we're inhibiting an inhibitor," Dr. Brekken said. "And we're allowing the apoptotic cascade to kick off, resulting in the death of cancer cells."
UT Southwestern researchers are using Smac mimetics in breast and lung cancer research, as well. Dr. Brekken said the next step is to develop a compound based on JP1201 that can be tested in humans in clinical trials."

From 1989 Remission of FeLV-associated lymphosarcoma and persistent viral infection after extracorporeal immunoadsorption of plasma using staphylococcal protein A columns

Remission of FeLV-associated lymphosarcoma and persistent viral infection after extracorporeal immunoadsorption of plasma using staphylococcal protein A columns: details of immune response.

Abstract

Sixteen feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected cats with lymphosarcoma (LSA) were treated by extracorporeal immunoadsorption using staphylococcal protein A columns in order to remove immunoglobulin G (IgG) and circulating immune complexes (CIC) from plasma. Complete viral clearance and long-lasting tumor regression were achieved in nine of the cats and tumor regression without virus clearance was observed in two other cats. Since LSA cats rarely go into spontaneous remission, and since other forms of therapy are ineffective, these cats offered a unique system for analyzing details of the immune response to LSA and FeLV as they are cleared. Immunological parameters associated with the FeLV and LSA responses were assessed in detail in three responder cats and three nonresponders during the treatment and follow-up periods. Two serological parameters that always correlated with complete clearance of LSA were development of precipitating antibodies against FeLV-C gp70 and development of cytotoxic antibodies that kill cultured FL74 LSA cells in the presence of complement. The precipitating antibodies were detected prior to the clearance of LSA and prior to the detection of free cytotoxic antibodies. One serological parameter that always correlated with complete clearance of. FeLV was development of free antibodies to FeLV-AB gp70. Quantitative levels of FeLV-specific CIC and feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA)-specific CIC correlated well with fluctuating levels of the corresponding antigens and antibodies. These results suggest that the staphylococcal protein A treatment columns remove CIC "blocking factors" directly or indirectly and thereby stimulate existing antibody responses. These antibodies mediate clearance of FeLV and LSA.

Decision Making in Feline Cancer Patients

http://felinelymphoma.org/docs/pdf/FelinCancerPatients.pdf

Decision Making in Feline Cancer Patients
David J. Argyle, BVMS, PhD, DECVIM-CA (Oncology), MRCVS
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Hospital for Small Animals
Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK Introduction
This short presentation will describe approaches to these diseases, standard treatment protocols and advances in radiation and chemotherapy-based treatments. Particular emphasis will be placed upon the special considerations in cats with regards drug metabolism, nutritional support during therapy and prognosis of individual diseases.

Feline Lymphoma

Diagnosis and Staging

The various anatomical forms of feline lymphoma (mediastinal, alimentary, renal, multicentric and extranodal) have been well described.

Alimentary--characterised by gastric, intestinal, or mesenteric lymph node involvement, this is one of the more common forms of feline lymphoma. Gastrointestinal lymphoma may present as a solitary mass lesion or as a diffuse infiltration of extensive areas of bowel. Clinical signs are non-specific, including anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Animals previously diagnosed with lymphoplasmacytic gastroenteritis have been reported subsequently to develop gastrointestinal lymphoma. Most cats with alimentary lymphoma are FeLV ELISA negative.

Mediastinal--most cats with mediastinal lymphoma are relatively young and FeLV ELISA positive. Typical clinical signs include dyspnoea and exercise intolerance due to the presence of the
space-occupying lesion and pleural effusion. Coughing may occur secondary to compression of the
trachea by the large mediastinal mass. The heart sounds may be muffled and caudally displaced. It is often abnormally difficult to 'spring the ribs' of the cranial thorax of affected young cats.

Multicentric--unlike the situation in dogs, this is a relatively uncommon form of feline lymphoma. It must be distinguished from various forms of generalised reactive lymphadenopathy, including some forms that occur in retrovirally-infected cats. Fine needle aspiration can sometimes provide a definitive diagnosis, but cutting needle biopsy or excisional biopsy may be necessary.

Extranodal--the extranodal form includes all lymphomas that do not fall into any of the preceding categories and accounts for approximately 5% of lymphoma in cats. Ocular, neural, renal, and cardiac forms are the most common sites of involvement.

Treatment and Prognosis

In most parts of the world, lymphoma is by far the most common feline malignancy and there have been numerous reports on treatment and prognostic factors. Lymphoma should be regarded as a systemic disease, and in almost all forms of the disease chemotherapy is appropriate; either alone or as an adjunct to surgery and/or radiotherapy. Numerous treatment protocols have been described for

feline lymphoma. Most use vincristine, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone as the core drugs. Doxorubicin is also an important, effective drug.

The prognosis for cats with lymphoma is reported to vary according to anatomical form of disease, FeLV status, presence or absence of azotaemia, presence of peripheral blood cytopenias, and chemotherapeutic protocol used. FeLV negative cats that achieve a complete remission following induction therapy are likely to have durable (i.e., > 6 month) responses, particularly when doxorubicin was included in the chemotherapy protocol. However, FeLV positive cats have significantly shorter remissions and survival times when treated with available chemotherapeutic protocols.

The overall response rate in cats is somewhat poorer than in dogs. Intriguingly, prognosis may also be changing over time. The protocol to which most others have been compared is COP. Currently, for most feline lymphoma cases the 25 week Madison-Wisconsin protocol appears to give the longest duration of remission. This is a finite protocol that does not include maintenance therapy. The exception is small cell lymphoma of the GI tract. This is treated continuously with a protocol including every other day prednisone, and chlorambucil given at 20 mg/m2 every two weeks.

Feline Squamous Cell Carcinoma

This is a common skin tumour that accounts for approximately 15% of cutaneous tumours in the cat. They are usually located on non-pigmented skin and in areas that are not covered with hair. In many instances there is a recognized solar exposure relationship and these tumours are often referred to as
'actinic' SCC.

Presentation

In the cat, lesions occur most commonly on the head including the nasal planum, eyelids, temporal region, and pinnae. Multiple lesions are present in 30% of cats. There is typically a progression of lesions from actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma in situ to squamous cell carcinoma.

Squamous cell carcinoma can present as a proliferative or ulcerative/erosive lesion. The proliferative lesions vary in their appearance with some forming red firm plaques or cauliflower appearance that may ulcerate. The erosive lesion most commonly seen in the cat initially starts as a shallow crust that may develop into a deep ulcer.

Early lesions most notably in cats appear to be small pinpoint scabs that may even heal then recur. Tumours can be locally invasive but are late to metastasize. The degree of invasion can be quite severe and response to therapy is usually better with early lesions (Tis to T1).

Surgery and Cryosurgery

Remains the treatment of choice although there are numerous reports using other modalities. In the cat, lesions of the pinnae are more manageable than the nasal planum due to location (i.e., more aggressive surgery can be performed). Wide surgical excision of other sites is also recommended but again, prognosis and the chance of recurrence are dependent on the tumour stage.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy has shown little consistent efficacy in the veterinary literature. Agents that have been

used include mitoxantrone, actinomycin D.

Radiation

Cats with actinic keratosis, carcinoma in situ and early SCC lesions less than 2 mm in depth respond well to plesiotherapy (form of superficial radiotherapy). In a group of 25 cats treated with a single, high dose utilizing strontium-90, 90% were free of tumour 1 year following therapy. The mean disease-free interval was 34 months. For cats with more advanced lesions, external beam radiation is recommended.

Photodynamic Therapy

If applied to early lesions, results are generally positive.

Feline Mast Cell Disease

Splenic Mast Cell Tumours

MCT primary to the spleen in cats is most common in older non purebred cats. Signs include nonspecific illness or chronic vomiting due to histamine release causing gastroduodenal ulceration. Liver, lymph nodes and bone marrow are also commonly affected. Staging includes a CBC, biochemical profile, urinalysis, FeLV, FIV, thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasonography and bone marrow aspirate. Fine needle aspiration cytology or biopsy of spleen is indicated. The diagnosis is sometimes made from ascitic fluid or blood smear.

As initial treatment, splenectomy normalizes other disease within 5 weeks. The median survival is 12 months. As adjunctive therapy, the use of corticosteroids is controversial. Chemotherapy (CCNU, vinblastine) has not been reported. Supportive therapy consists of preoperative H1 and H2 antihistamines to reduce risk of gastrointestinal damage and shock especially during surgery. The same drugs may be palliative for clinical signs but results are variable.

Intestinal Mast Cell Tumours

Intestinal MCT are most common in small intestine, causing vomiting, inappetence and weight loss. Staging is the same as splenic MCTs. Metastasis is very common. Prognosis is poor. Initial treatment consists of wide surgical excision including 5-10 cm of normal bowel. Adjunctive therapy has not been described, but consider chemotherapy with prednisone or CCNU.

Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumours

Cutaneous MCTs are common in all age cats; and Siamese are predisposed. Tumours are usually solitary but can be multiple and may often be hairless and firm. Tumours occur most commonly on the head and neck. Cutaneous MCTs in cats need to be differentiated from eosinophilic granuloma. Systemic involvement is rare. Staging includes a CBC, biochemical profile, urinalysis, FeLV, FIV and excisional biopsy for solitary lesions. Histologic grading does not predict clinical behavior. If multiple lesions are present, thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasonography, buffy coat smear and bone marrow aspirate are necessary to rule out systemic disease.

Surgical excision is usually curative but new lesions may arise. Spontaneous regression has been reported in Siamese cats with histiocytic MCTs. Adjunctive therapy for incompletely excised tumours

consists of radiation therapy. Corticosteroids are probably not effective. Other chemotherapy has not been reported but vinblastine or CCNU could potentially be useful.

Vaccine-Associated Sarcoma

Vaccine-associated sarcoma in cats is a complex disease with a poorly understood pathogenesis.

Decision Making: Vaccination

The epidemiological evidence puts vaccination as an inciting cause for this disease. Consequently, recommendations are now in place to promote prevention of the disease, or at least early detection. These include:

Avoiding the interscapular space

Subcutaneous rather than intramuscular vaccination (early detection) Rabies/FeLV vaccine on the distal limb
Other vaccines on the distal shoulder

Decision Making: Post Vaccination Lumps

Some Rabies and FeLV vaccinations will produce post-vaccination lumps in nearly 100% of cats vaccinated. Most of these will resolve over a 2-3 month period, and most vaccine-associated sarcomas will not occur prior to 3 months following vaccination. Consequently it is recommended that all
post-vaccination lumps be removed if still present at 3 months (or if they grow beyond 2 cm, before 3 months). Surgical biopsy is recommended prior to definitive removal.

Decision Making: Vaccine-Associated Sarcoma

Once a vaccine-associated tumour develops, management and control can be difficult. Below is a summary of appropriate steps:

Pre-surgical biopsy is highly recommended

Complete staging:

Blood count and chemistry

Urinalysis

Thoracic radiography

MRI or contrast CT is highly recommended for accurate surgical assessment of the extent of disease

Single surgical excision, even with wide margins, is rarely curative for vaccine-associated sarcoma. Local recurrence is common and a second surgery is always difficult. However, for lesions on limbs, amputation would appear to have a higher success rate that single surgeries for VAS in alternative sites. Radiotherapy has been shown to improve on surgery alone. Two options are available:


1.  Pre-operative radiotherapy: (has been shown to give local control to 23 months)

2.  Post-operative radiotherapy (control to 12 months in 1 study)

The author's standard protocol is to pre-operatively treat cats to 48 Gy using cobalt 60. For cats with tumours that overlie vital organs such as kidney, we recommend treatment with electrons using a linear accelerator. The advantage of pre-surgical radiation is that the radiation field is much smaller and easier managed. Following radiation surgical excision is performed and margins examined for completeness of resection. At surgical excision margins are tagged and/ or dyed with Indian ink.

The Role of Chemotherapy

For animals who do not undergo radiation, or whose margins are in doubt after radical surgery, or who have metastatic disease, chemotherapy may be offered as an adjunct. For patients that have had wide surgical excision following radiation, the addition of chemotherapy would appear to have little benefit. For cats that do not have radiation but have surgery alone (with curative intent), the addition of chemotherapy would appear to improve the time taken for recurrence. Drugs that have been used include Adriamycin (doxorubicin), carboplatin, Doxil (liposome encapsulated doxorubicin). There is no benefit of Doxil over doxorubicin.